All fact sheets · The Strata Memo
Antimony
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Chemical details
- State at room conditions
- Solid
- Melting point
- 904 K (631 °C)
- Boiling point
- 1,860 K (1,587 °C)
- Density
- 6.685 g/cm³
- Common oxidation states
- +5, +3, -3
- Electronegativity (Pauling)
- 2.05
- Atomic radius
- 206 pm
- First ionization energy
- 8.64 eV
- Discovered
- Ancient
Source: U.S. National Library of Medicine, PubChem, Periodic Table of Elements (element Antimony) (current at retrieval)
On the USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals. Figures: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (data release, public domain). Estimates are USGS's; check the USGS chapter for notes. Each panel names its source; full citations are in the methodology source register.
Overview
The headline numbers: how much the U.S. depends on imports and how concentrated supply is.
How much does the U.S. import?
of U.S. antimony use was met by imports in 2025 (USGS net import reliance).
Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Antimony (February 2026)
Did you know?
Antimony sulfide (stibnite) was ground into a powder called kohl and used as an eye cosmetic.
Checked against two independent sources. Verified 2026-10-26.
Sources: Wikipedia · Compound Interest (Andy Brunning) (Wikipedia text is CC BY-SA)
How concentrated is supply?
85% of world production comes from three countries (China, Russia, Tajikistan). Highly concentrated.
Thirds of the bar: under 33%, 33 to 65%, 66% and over. Our own rule of thumb, not a USGS rating.
Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Antimony (February 2026)
Supply
Who produces it, where the reserves are, where U.S. imports come from, and how U.S. supply has moved.
Who has it, and who digs it?
Where it is produced, 2025
| Name | Value |
|---|---|
| China | 36% |
| Russia | 29% |
| Tajikistan | 20% |
| Bolivia | 5% |
| Burma | 4% |
| Turkey | 3% |
Where the reserves are
| Name | Value |
|---|---|
| China | 35% |
| Russia | 15% |
| Bolivia | 13% |
| Kyrgyzstan | 11% |
| Burma | 6% |
| Australia | 5% |
Share of the world total as printed by USGS (rounded). Production and reserves are different things: reserves are what is economic to mine. Hover or focus a bar for its value, or switch to the table view.
Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Antimony (February 2026)
Where U.S. imports come from
Choose a data set, then a view. A country keeps the same color in every chart on this page. Grey means other countries, or a country beyond the seven colors (always labeled). Hover or focus a mark for its value, or use the table view.
- Mexico86%
- Italy9%
- Other countries5%
| Country | Share of U.S. imports | Share of this chart |
|---|---|---|
| Mexico | 86% | 86.0% |
| Italy | 9% | 9.0% |
| Other countries | 5% | 5.0% |
Average share of U.S. imports of ore and concentrates, 2021–24, as printed by USGS (rounded, so shares may not sum to 100). Other countries are USGS's own grouping.
Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Antimony (February 2026)
- China66%
- Belgium16%
- Bolivia6%
- France5%
- Other countries7%
| Country | Share of U.S. imports | Share of this chart |
|---|---|---|
| China | 66% | 66.0% |
| Belgium | 16% | 16.0% |
| Bolivia | 6% | 6.0% |
| France | 5% | 5.0% |
| Other countries | 7% | 7.0% |
Average share of U.S. imports of oxide, 2021–24, as printed by USGS (rounded, so shares may not sum to 100). Other countries are USGS's own grouping.
Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Antimony (February 2026)
- China22%
- India22%
- Thailand20%
- Vietnam13%
- Other countries23%
| Country | Share of U.S. imports | Share of this chart |
|---|---|---|
| China | 22% | 22.0% |
| India | 22% | 22.0% |
| Thailand | 20% | 20.0% |
| Vietnam | 13% | 13.0% |
| Other countries | 23% | 23.0% |
Average share of U.S. imports of unwrought metal and powder, 2021–24, as printed by USGS (rounded, so shares may not sum to 100). Other countries are USGS's own grouping.
Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Antimony (February 2026)
- China55%
- Belgium12%
- Thailand8%
- India6%
- Other countries19%
| Country | Share of U.S. imports | Share of this chart |
|---|---|---|
| China | 55% | 55.0% |
| Belgium | 12% | 12.0% |
| Thailand | 8% | 8.0% |
| India | 6% | 6.0% |
| Other countries | 19% | 19.0% |
Average share of U.S. imports of total metal and oxide, 2021–24, as printed by USGS (rounded, so shares may not sum to 100). Other countries are USGS's own grouping.
Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Antimony (February 2026)
- Mexico61% · $2.4M
- India36% · $1.4M
- Austria3% · $108K
- Turkey1% · $24K
| Country | U.S. imports, 2025 | Share of this chart |
|---|---|---|
| Mexico | 61% · $2.4M | 61.0% |
| India | 36% · $1.4M | 35.7% |
| Austria | 3% · $108K | 2.8% |
| Turkey | 1% · $24K | 0.6% |
U.S. general imports (customs value) in calendar 2025 under HS 2617.10; countries beyond the top six are grouped. The code can include goods beyond this mineral. The Shift view compares each country's share of 2025 with its share of Jan to Aug 2026 (shares of each period's total).
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade API: U.S. imports by HS code and country (calendar 2025; Jan to Aug 2026) (data months 2025-12, 2026-08)
- Thailand46% · $73.9M
- India25% · $40.2M
- Vietnam7% · $10.9M
- Burma3% · $5.5M
- Turkey3% · $4.7M
- Peru2% · $3.7M
- All other countries14% · $22.2M
| Country | U.S. imports, 2025 | Share of this chart |
|---|---|---|
| Thailand | 46% · $73.9M | 45.9% |
| India | 25% · $40.2M | 24.9% |
| Vietnam | 7% · $10.9M | 6.8% |
| Burma | 3% · $5.5M | 3.4% |
| Turkey | 3% · $4.7M | 2.9% |
| Peru | 2% · $3.7M | 2.3% |
| All other countries | 14% · $22.2M | 13.8% |
U.S. general imports (customs value) in calendar 2025 under HS 8110; countries beyond the top six are grouped. The code can include goods beyond this mineral. The Shift view compares each country's share of 2025 with its share of Jan to Aug 2026 (shares of each period's total).
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade API: U.S. imports by HS code and country (calendar 2025; Jan to Aug 2026) (data months 2025-12, 2026-08)
Price
Price, metal, average, dollars per pound
Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Antimony (February 2026)
Trade and tariffs
Tariff codes and the countries behind U.S. imports and exports.
Trade codes and tariffs
| HTS code | What it covers | Normal rate | Column 2 rate |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2617.10 | Antimony ores and concentrates | Free | Free |
| 8110 | Antimony and articles thereof, including waste and scrap | Free | 4.4¢/kg |
Rates from the U.S. Harmonized Tariff Schedule (USITC, saved 2026-10-26). The normal rate is column 1 general; column 2 applies to countries without normal trade relations. A range means different products under the code have different rates. Section 232, Section 301, emergency tariffs and antidumping or countervailing duties are set in separate notices and are not shown. Look up any code at hts.usitc.gov. These are the main codes for this mineral, not a complete list.
Source: U.S. International Trade Commission, Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, general and column 2 rates (edition current when saved)
U.S. trade by country
U.S. imports in 2025 by source country, code 8110
| Name | Value |
|---|---|
| Thailand | 46% · $73.9M |
| India | 25% · $40.2M |
| Vietnam | 7% · $10.9M |
| Burma | 3% · $5.5M |
| Turkey | 3% · $4.7M |
| Peru | 2% · $3.7M |
U.S. exports in 2025 by destination, code 8110
| Name | Value |
|---|---|
| Mexico | 25% · $6.2M |
| Canada | 25% · $6.2M |
| Spain | 16% · $3.9M |
| Belgium | 10% · $2.5M |
| Netherlands | 8% · $2.0M |
| Japan | 3% · $836K |
2617.10 Antimony ores and concentrates
Top import sources Mexico 61%, India 36%, Austria 3%
Top export destinations Malaysia 64%, Mexico 33%, Canada 2%
8110 Antimony and artcls throf incl waste and scrap
Top import sources Thailand 46%, India 25%, Vietnam 7%
Top export destinations Mexico 25%, Canada 25%, Spain 16%
U.S. Census Bureau International Trade API, saved 2026-10-26. Imports are general imports (customs value) and exports are total exports, in U.S. dollars. Duty collected is Census's calculated duty on imports for consumption. Figures cover every 10-digit product under the code, so they can include goods beyond this mineral, and the duty shown is not split into Section 232, Section 301 or antidumping duties. Bars show the largest code for each direction. Group rows such as the EU or OECD are left out so no country is counted twice.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade API: U.S. imports and exports by HS code and country (calendar 2025, and January to Aug 2026) (data months 2025-12, 2026-08)
Value chain and risk
Where in the chain the bottlenecks sit, and what other governments and sources say about supply risk.
Value chain: where the bottlenecks are
Mining
One U.S. company began mining antimony in Montana in 2025, and an Idaho mine broke ground. (partly U.S.)
The source says
“In 2025, one domestic company began mining antimony in Montana.”
“In October, a mining company in Idaho broke ground for construction of an antimony mine.”
Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Antimony (2026-02)
Ore processing and primary recovery
U.S. imports of antimony ore and concentrate came mainly from Mexico (86%, 2021-24). (no U.S. activity)
The source says
“Ore and concentrates: Mexico, 86%; Italy, 9%; and other, 5%.”
Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Antimony (2026-02)
Refining and separation bottleneck
One Montana company makes antimony metal and oxide from imported feedstock; China supplied 55% of imported metal and oxide (2021-24), including 66% of the oxide. (partly U.S.)
The source says
“Primary antimony metal and oxide were produced by one company in Montana using imported feedstock.”
“Oxide: China, 66%; Belgium, 16%; Bolivia, 6%; France, 5%; and other, 7%.”
“Total metal and oxide: China, 55%; Belgium, 12%; Thailand, 8%; India, 6%; and other, 19%.”
Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Antimony (2026-02)
Metal, alloy and chemical bottleneck
One company in Montana makes antimony metal and oxide from imported feedstock, and China was the source of 66% of U.S. antimony oxide imports in the 2021-2024 import-source table. (partly U.S.)
The source says
“Primary antimony metal and oxide were produced by one company in Montana using imported feedstock.”
“Import sources (2021-2024): ore and concentrates: Mexico, 86%; Italy, 9%; and other, 5%. Oxide: China, 66%; Belgium, 16%; Bolivia, 6%; France, 5%; and other, 7%.”
Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Antimony (2026-02)
Components and end use
Flame retardants took 49% of U.S. antimony, and antimonial lead and ammunition 40%. (partly U.S.)
The source says
“the leading uses of antimony were metal products, including flame retardants, 49%; antimonial lead and ammunition, 40%”
Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Antimony (2026-02)
Recycling
Recycling, mostly antimonial lead from spent lead-acid batteries, supplied 12% of U.S. apparent consumption. (partly U.S.)
The source says
“Recycling supplied 12% of estimated domestic apparent consumption, and the remainder came from imports.”
“The bulk of secondary antimony is recovered at secondary lead smelters as antimonial lead”
Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Antimony (2026-02)
Pilot. Summaries are ours, from official pages; each quoted passage is checked against the saved page. “Bottleneck” (orange dot) is shown only where the quote shows one country dominating the stage or the United States relying on imports for it. “No sourced data yet” means we have not found a source, not that the stage is unproblematic.
Mines, plants and partners
Named facilities with their operators and locations, as each source describes them on the date shown. 5 sourced entries for Antimony.
Mining
Perpetua Resources
Stibnite, central Idaho, United States · Under construction
The source says
“News provided by Perpetua Resources Corp.”
“critical path construction progress at its Stibnite Gold Project (the "Project") in central Idaho”
“early works and critical path construction activities underway”
Source: Perpetua Resources, Perpetua Resources Provides Construction Update on the Stibnite Gold Project and Exploration Activities (PR Newswire) (2026-08-31)
Refining and separation
United States Antimony Corporation (USAC)
Thompson Falls, Montana, United States · Operating
The source says
“joined community leaders and executives from United States Antimony Corporation (USAC) to celebrate the groundbreaking on a new expansion at the facility near Thompson Falls.”
“In 1969, USAC was established in Montana to mine antimony which is a critical mineral for national defense, energy, batteries, ammunition, and semiconductors.”
“The smelter can produce up to 15 million pounds of antimony oxide or 5 million pounds of antimony metal annually and refines silver and gold”
Source: State of Montana Governor's Office, Governor Gianforte Celebrates Expansion of U.S. Antimony in Thompson Falls (2025-09-25)
United States Antimony Corporation (USAC)
Estacion Madero, Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila, Mexico · Operating
The source says
“United States Antimony Corporation (USAC) is committed to being part of that balance.”
“Madero antimony smelter and precious metal processing facility at Estacion Madero, in the Municipio of Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila, Mexico, is included in our antimony segment.”
“Currently Operational Antimony Oxide or Sulfide Smelter Madero, Coahuila, Mexico”
Source: United States Antimony Corp, Our Operations (company website) (2026-10-30)
Crucible Metals, LLC (a subsidiary of Korea Zinc)
Clarksville, Tennessee, United States · Planned
The source says
“awarded $210 million in direct funding under the CHIPS and Science Act to a subsidiary of Korea Zinc — Crucible Metals, LLC — to support an advanced smelter and critical minerals processing facility in Tennessee”
“the following critical and strategic minerals: gallium, bismuth, germanium, indium, antimony, tellurium, cadmium”
“The planned U.S. facility in Clarksville, Tennessee will be an advanced replica of the Onsan facility and is expected to be operational by 2029.”
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce NIST, Department of Commerce Awards CHIPS Incentives to a Subsidiary of Korea Zinc (Crucible Metals) (2025-12-15)
Metal, alloy and chemical
Perpetua Resources, U.S. Army and Idaho National Laboratory (managed by Battelle Energy Alliance); the page does not name a single operator
Idaho Falls, Idaho, United States · Operating
The source says
“the U.S. Army and Idaho National Laboratory ("INL"), managed by Battelle Energy Alliance LLC ("Battelle"), announced the opening of a new modular mineral processing plant ("pilot plant").”
“Located at the INL in Idaho Falls, the modular mineral pilot plant is designed to utilize antimony samples from Perpetua's Stibnite Gold Project in central Idaho”
“with the goal of demonstrating how to process high-quality antimony trisulfide for use in specialized military and industrial applications.”
Source: Perpetua Resources, Perpetua Resources, US Army, and Idaho National Laboratory Launch Critical Minerals Pilot Plant to Advance Antimony Trisulfide Supply (PR Newswire) (2026-07-30)
A curated list, not a complete register: it shows facilities we could confirm in a source page, and a missing name means we have not sourced it, not that it does not exist. Each quoted passage is checked against the saved page. Partnerships are listed only where the source states them.
Geopolitics and supply risk
Export controls by other countries
China announced antimony export restrictions in August 2024 and banned all antimony exports to the United States in December 2024; the 2025 average price was more than double 2024's.
The source says
“after China announced export restrictions on antimony in August and then banned all exports of antimony to the United States in December”
“The average antimony price in 2025 was $25 per pound, more than double of that in 2024.”
Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Antimony (2026-02)
U.S. policy and funding
The Department of War conditionally awarded $80 million to an Idaho company building an antimony mine to restart a domestic source.
The source says
“The company was conditionally awarded $80 million of funding from the U.S. Department of War to reestablish a domestic source of antimony.”
Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Antimony (2026-02)
Summaries are ours, from official pages. Each quoted passage is checked against the saved source page. This is a curated list for the edition shown, not a complete or current record of every measure.
Policy and funding
Federal items we track for this mineral, each linked to its original.
Policy timeline
Tagged by AI from federal sources; each links to the original. How we label.
Source: U.S. federal sources (Federal Register, Grants.gov, DOE, Regulations.gov, DFC), Policy items tagged for Antimony (dates per item)
Federal awards already made
Perpetua Resources Idaho Inc · Department of Defense · $59.2M obligated · started 2022-12-16
Source: usaspending.gov, retrieved 2026-10-29
United States Antimony Corporation · Department of Defense · $30M obligated · started 2026-06-26
Source: usaspending.gov, retrieved 2026-10-29
United States Antimony Corporation · Department of Defense · $15.5M obligated · started 2026-06-09
Source: usaspending.gov, retrieved 2026-10-29
United States Antimony Corporation · Department of Defense · $9.9M obligated · started 2025-09-26
Source: usaspending.gov, retrieved 2026-10-29
United States Antimony Corporation · Department of Defense · $1.9M obligated · started 2026-01-15
Source: usaspending.gov, retrieved 2026-10-29
The 5 largest of 6 AI-tagged awards from USAspending (last 12 months, found by keyword; some are only loosely about this mineral). See all awards for Antimony.
Source: U.S. Department of the Treasury, Bureau of the Fiscal Service, USAspending.gov: spending by award (contracts and grants, last 12 months) (award start dates per item)
Data tables
The USGS figures behind the charts. Click a column heading to sort.
Antimony: USGS tables
United States
| Measure | Unit | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption | percent | 86 | 91 |
| Production: Mine (recoverable antimony) | metric tons | — | W |
| Production, Smelter: Primary | metric tons | 588 | 700 |
| Production, Smelter: Secondary | metric tons | 3,330 | 3,500 |
| Imports for consumption: Ore and concentrates | metric tons | 430 | 600 |
| Imports for consumption: Oxide | metric tons | 24,000 | 39,000 |
| Imports for consumption: Unwrought, powder | metric tons | 4,920 | 4,500 |
| Imports for consumption: Antimony articles | metric tons | 323 | 350 |
| Imports for consumption: Waste and scrap | metric tons | 13 | 200 |
| Exports: Ore and concentrates | metric tons | — | 5 |
| Exports: Oxide | metric tons | 2,690 | 2,900 |
| Exports: Unwrought, powder | metric tons | 1,570 | 240 |
| Exports: Antimony articles | metric tons | 125 | 130 |
| Exports: Waste and scrap | metric tons | 40 | 6 |
| Consumption, apparent | metric tons | 28,600 | 45,000 |
| Price, metal, average, dollars per pound | dollars per pound | 10.24 | 25 |
World production (metric tons; top 6 of 17, plus other countries)
| Country | 2024 | 2025 | Share |
|---|---|---|---|
| China | 40,000 | 40,000 | 36% |
| Russia | 40,000 | 32,000 | 29% |
| Tajikistan | 22,000 | 22,000 | 20% |
| Bolivia | 5,300 | 5,000 | 5% |
| Burma | 4,500 | 4,500 | 4% |
| Turkey | 3,000 | 3,000 | 3% |
World total 2025: 110,000 metric tons (as printed by USGS, rounded).
World reserves (metric tons; top 6 of 17, plus other countries)
| Country | 2025 |
|---|---|
| China | 830,000 |
| Russia | 350,000 |
| Bolivia | 310,000 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 260,000 |
| Burma | 140,000 |
| Australia | 110,000 |
U.S. import sources: Ore and concentrates (percent of imports, 2021–24)
| Country | Share (%) |
|---|---|
| Mexico | 86 |
| Italy | 9 |
| Other countries | 5 |
U.S. import sources: Oxide (percent of imports, 2021–24)
| Country | Share (%) |
|---|---|
| China | 66 |
| Belgium | 16 |
| Bolivia | 6 |
| France | 5 |
| Other countries | 7 |
U.S. import sources: Unwrought metal and powder (percent of imports, 2021–24)
| Country | Share (%) |
|---|---|
| China | 22 |
| India | 22 |
| Thailand | 20 |
| Vietnam | 13 |
| Other countries | 23 |
U.S. import sources: Total metal and oxide (percent of imports, 2021–24)
| Country | Share (%) |
|---|---|
| China | 55 |
| Belgium | 12 |
| Thailand | 8 |
| India | 6 |
| Other countries | 19 |
Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Antimony (February 2026)